美丽吉林--吉林频道--人民网
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???????? ????? ?-15 ?????? 2001 ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?'??? ????? ????? ????. ???? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? "????" (??? ?????? ??????? "????") ?"???????????". ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??????????? ???? ???????, ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????. ?????????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ???? ?? 301 ???????? ?? ????????. ???? ?????? 2024, ?? ?????????? ????? ?-64 ?????? ?????, ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????.[2] ????? ?-6.9 ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???????, ???? ?????? ?-11.1% ????? ?????? ?????.[3] ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?? 3.6 ???????. ???? ?????? ????? ?-117 ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ????? ?-2.8 ?????? ??????.
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???? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? "PLOS One" (??') ???? 2012 ???? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? 51% ?????????? ??????? ??25% ?????????? ??????? ?????.
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???? ?????? ????????????? ?????????, ??? ????????, ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????????????? ???? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ???, ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ????? "Nature" ?-2005 ?-42 ????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??"????????" ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????? ????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ?????? ?-4 ??-?????? ??? ??? ????, ???? ??"????????" ??? ???? ????? ??-??????.
?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????????, ???????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????. ????? ?? "PC World" ???? 2009 ????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????????, ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????, ?? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??????, ??? ????? ?????.
????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????. ???? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ??????, ?? ??????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????. ?????? ????????????? ???????? ??? "????????" ????? ????? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ??????? ????? ???????????. ????? ???????? ?'??? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? "????? ???" ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????.
????? ????? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ????????, ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?????, ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? – ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ?????????? ???????? ?????. ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ????/??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????. ??? ???? ?"??? ????? ?'????", ??? ???? ?????, ???? ?? "??? ???? ???, [16 ????? 2014], ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???, ????? ????? ????, ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ????????, ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? "????? ????? ?????, ????? ???????????".
???? ?? ?????????? ??????? "Legal Research in a Nutshell" ???? 2011 ????? ?????????? ??? "???? ????" ?"???? ????? ???? ??????" ?????? "????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????", ?"???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????".
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??? ?????? ????????????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ??? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???????, ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ?????? ????????. ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????. ????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ???????????? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ???????. ????? ?? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?-10 ?????? ???"? ??? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??????????.
??????? 2007 ???? ?????? "??????? ???????" ????? ?? ???? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ????, ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ????? 2007 ????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????????, ????? ?????, ???? ?? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?? "??????? ????????????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???".
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?-5 ???? 2014 ????? ???? ?????? "???????" ??? ?'??? ?? ??????? ????? "???? ??????? ???? 1 ????? ?? ??????: ????????".[14] ????? ???? ??? ???? ?? "?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????????, ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????." ?? ????? ????? ?? ???????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????.
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???? ????? ???? 2011 ?? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????. ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? '????? ????????' ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????.
????? ????? ???? 2009 ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????.
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???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ???????. ???? 2011 ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???????.
????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ???????? – ??????, ????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????, ?????? ?????? ???????, ?? ???? ???????. ????? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ????????, ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ????? ??????, ?????, ????? ??????, ???????, ???? ????????? ??????????, ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????????. ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????????, ????????? ???????? ?????????.
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????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ????????. ?????????? ???????, ?????? ??????? ????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????, ????, ???, ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ????????, ???? ?????.
????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????, ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????, ?????? ?? ?????????, ??????? ?????? ???????????. ????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ???????.
???? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? "?????????" "Virgin Killer" ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????, ????? ???? ?????. ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????. ?????? 2008 ????? ???? ?? ?????? "Virgin Killer" ?????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????? Watch Watch Foundation ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?"????? ?????" ???? ???? ????? ???????? ???????.[15]
?????? 2010 ???? ????, ????????? ???????? ?? ????????, ??? ???? ?-FBI ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????, ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????.[16][17] ???? ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????? ???????, ?? ??? ?? ?? ?????? "????? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????". ???? ?? ???? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ????.[18] ???? ??? ???????? ?'?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????, ???? ??????????? ??? "???? ????? ??? ???? ????. ?? ??? ???, ????? ?????? ????? ????".[19] ?????? ?????? ?? ????, ?'???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??????. ???? ??????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????, ????? ???? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????. ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ????? "??? ????? ???? ?? ?? ?????? ?????????? / ???? ?????, ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????".[20] ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? 2010 ????? ??? ??? ????? ????????.[21] ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????????, ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??????????. ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???.
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???? 2011 ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????????. ????? ??? ?-22% ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????: ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????, ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????, ???? ????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ????????, ???? ?????? ????, ???? ?????? ????, ???? ????? ???? ???????, ????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????. ?????? ???????? ??? ????????, ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? (???????????? (Disinhibition)) ??????? ???????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ????, ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????, ???? ????? ??????? ???????, ????? ???, ?????? ????? ???????, ?????? ????????? ??????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ?? ????? ?? ???????.
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???????? ????? ?? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ????????, ?? ??????? ????? ?????. ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? (??') (??? ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? – ???? ???????? ?????, ???????? ?????? ????????? ????), ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? (???? ?????? Amical Wikimedia ???? ????? ???????? ????????) ??????? ??????? ?????. ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????, ?????? ??????? ?? ????????.
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????? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? UseModWiki, ???? ??????? ???? ?????? "??? I".
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?????? ???, ?????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ????. ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???? 2002. ??? ????? "??? III" ?? ????-????. ????? ???? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????.
????? 2003, ??????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ??????????. ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??????. ??? ?? ???? ????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?? ??????????? ????? ????.
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??? ???? 2016, ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????.
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???? ?????? ?? ???????? ???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????. ??? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ????: ????? ????, ????? ????, ????? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ?????. ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????, ??? ?????????? ???????? (???? ???? ???? ???? ???????) ?????? ?? ???????? ?????? (?????? ????? ?????).
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???????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ????. ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????: ??? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? (????? ?? ??? ??????, ?? ????? ?????), ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ????? (????: ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ????) ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???, ????? ???? ??? ?????. ???? ?????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ???????.
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??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ?????, ???? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????.
????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? (??') ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ????? ??????.
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???? ???????? ?????? ??? 25,000 ?-60,000 ????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? – ????? ???? ????.
???? ???? 2019, ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????????, ????????, ??????'????, ?????????.
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????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ???, ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?????. ???????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??????.
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???? ???????? ????? ?-2001 ?? ????? ????? ?????????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ??? (GFDL) ???? ????? ?? GNU, ?????? ???? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????, ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????. ?????? GFDL ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????. ?-16 ?????? 2002 ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? Creative Commons ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?????? ?????.
????? 2009 ????? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ??????? Creative Commons ?????-????? ??? 3.0. ????????? ?? ????? ????? (???? ????? ??????) ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????.
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?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ?????? ????, ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ?????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????, ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??????????.
- ????? ??????? – ?????? ???? ???? ???? (??') ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ??????????. ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? Reference.com ?-Answers.com. ????? ????? ??? Wapedia, ??? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???? ???? ????? ???.
- ???????? ???????? ?????? – ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????? Android ?-iOS.
- ?????? ????? – ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? "????", "????", ?-"DuckDuckGo".
- ????????? CD ?-DVD – ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ????????? ???????. ?-2006 ???? ??????? ????? ?-2,000 ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??????????? ???????. ??? ??, ????? ????? ???? ?? ??????? ?????? "???????? ???? ???" ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? SOS Children ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??????.
- ?????? ??????? – ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ?? ?????, ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????, ????????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? PediaPress. ?? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ????????, ???? ????? 10 ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ????? ??????.[23]
- ?????? ??????? – ??? ???????? DBpedia ??? ???? 2007 ???? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????. ?-2012 ???? ???????? ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ?? ????????.
????? ??? ??? ???????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? "data dump" ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????????.
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????????? "????????" ???? ?? ??? ?? ????????, ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????.[24]
???? 2014 ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ????????. ????, ????? ???????? ????? ??????, ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????????.
???? 2017 ??? ???? ???? "????????" ????? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???, ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ???. ????, ????? ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????????, ???? ?????? ????? ?? ????? "?? ??????? ???? ???? / ?? ????? ???? ??????????".
?-2023 ????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ???, ???? "???? ????" ???? ????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? "????" (????? ????) ???? ????? ??? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????????.
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????? 2017 ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ??? ?????. ?-50% ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ?? "????", ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ??????? ????????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? 2009 ?-365 ??????.
?? ?? ??? ????? ?-2011 ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? 36 ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????.
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?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????. ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? 2002, ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? 2003, ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? 2003, ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ???????, ???????? ???????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ????? 2004, ????????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? 2004, ????????? ??? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ????????? ????? ??????? 2004, ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? 2006, ????????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??????? 2004, ?????????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? 2012, ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????? 2013.
?????? ?? ?????? ????
?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????????????? ????????, ??????? ????????????? ????????, ???? ??????????? ????????, ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ?????. ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?-2005 ???? ??????? "Amorality of Web 2.0" ?? ??? ???? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????, ??? ????????, ?? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? "???? ????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ?????". ????? ??? "??? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? 2.0 ??? ???????? ?? ???????, ???? ?? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????". ???? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ????????, ?? ?????? ?????, ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????????. ??????, ???? ???????, ????? ????? ?? ????? Wired ??? ???? ??? "Nature" ????? "????? ???????" ?? ???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??????? ????????, ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????.
?????? ??????? ??????
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????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????, ?? ?? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????, ???? ???? ?????? ????????? ??????????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????????. ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ????????:
????????? ?????? ?? ???
??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? "???????? ??? ??????" ???? ?????? ????????, ?????, ??? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ?????. ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?-3 ????? 2004 ???? ???? ?-15 ??????? ????? ??????? ?-1989. ????? ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???. ?????, ???? ????? ??? ???? ?-22 ????? ?? ???? ???. ??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????.
??? ???? 2015, ?? ??????????? ????? ????? HTTP ??????? ?-HTTPS ????????, ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ????????. ?????? ???, ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ????, ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? (???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????-??-?? (1989)) ??? ???? ????. ?????? ???, ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????; ???? ????? 2015, ?? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????. ????? ????????, ?'??? ?????, ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???????, ?????? ??? ??? Energy Leadership Summit 2015 (???? ????? ??????? 2015) ?????? ?????? ?-2 ?????? 2015. ???? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????????, ???? ?? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??? ?-4 ??????. ???? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ????????, ?? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ??? ???.
?'??? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???, ???? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?-17 ?????? 2015 ????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????'?, ?'?'????. ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????, ??? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ????????. ????? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ????????? ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????. ????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????.
- ??? ????? – ????? ????? ?????????? ???????
????? 29 ?????? 2017 ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???????? ????????.[25][26] ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????, ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ???????, ????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ????? ??????.
??26 ?????? 2019 ??? ??? ????? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??????.[27] ??15 ?????? 2020 ????? ??????.[28]
?????? ??????
?? ???????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????????? ???? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ???????.
?????? ????? ??????
- ????? ??????? (2010) ?????? ????? ???? ??????, ??? ????????, ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????. ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ????? ????, ?????, ????? ???? ?????.[29]
- ?????? (2010) ????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????? ???. ??? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ????.[30]
- ????? ??????? (2010) ???? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????????? ??????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??????. ????, ???? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????, ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????????. ?????, ?? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????.[31]
- ????? (2010) ???? ?? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???? ??????.[32]
- ??????? ???????? (2010) ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????.[33]
?????? ????? ??????
- ???? (2010) ?????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????, ?????? ????? ?????? ???????.[34]
- ???? ????? ???? ????? Pew Research ???? 2,462 ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? (87% ???? ?????? ??? 53% ???? ????????).[35]
?????? ????? ???????
- ?????? ????? (R. Stuart Geiger) ??? ?? ??????? ?? ????? ???? ????????. ?????? ??? ????? ?? ????? "bespoke code" ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? (????? ?? ????????), ?????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???. ?????? ?????, ????? ????? ???-????????? ?? ???? ??????? ?-bespoke code. ????? ???? ?? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????-????? ?????? ????? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?????, ????? ???????? ?????-??? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ???-??? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????.[36]
??? ??
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- Kiwix – ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??? ????? ????????, ?? ????? ?????? ?? ????.
- QRPedia – ????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????, ??? ????? ??????? ???? ?????????? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??????.
?????? ?????
- ???? ????, ???? ?????? ???? ?????????? ??????, ??? ????, 1 ????? 2007
- John Broughton, Wikipedia Readers Guide: The Missing Manual, O'Reilly Media, 2008
- Joseph M. Reagle Jr. Good Faith Collaboration, 2010
??????? ????????
- ????????, ???? ??????????? ???????? (???????)
????????, ???? ??????? ???????
????????, ???? ??????? ??? (??????)
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????????
- ???????? – ?? ???? ?????
- ????? ????????? ??? ????? (???????)
- ????? ???????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????????? (???????)
Welcome to Wikipedia – ????? ????? ????? ???????? ????? ?? ???? ????? ?????, ????? ??? ????????, ?????? 2010 (???????)
The State of Wikipedia, ?????? ?'??? ????? (???????), ????? ???? ??????
?? ????? ???????? – ????? ??????? TED- ???? ????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????????
????? ??????
- ???-????
- Portland Pattern Repository – ?????? ??????
????? ????? ?? ????????
- Wikipedia – The Greatest Collection of Human Knowledge – ????????, ????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?????? (???????)
- Leftover Facts – Hoax Articles, Etymology, and a Wikipedian's Career – ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? (???????)
??????, ????? ????? ??????????
- ?'?? ???????, ?? ??-????, ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??????, ??? ??"?, ???? ???"?, 4 ???? 2007
- ???? ????????, ?????? ????????: ??? 2.0, ???? nana10, 25 ?????? 2007
- ???? ???, ?"??? ????? ?? ???????? ???? 8 ?????? ???? ????", ???? ?????, 24 ?????? 2008
- ???? ?????????, ???????? ??? ?? ????? ?? ?????????????, ???? ynet, 5 ???? 2009
- ?? ???? ????????, ?????: ???????? ??? ??? ?????, ???? ???????, 25 ?????? 2009
- ???? ????, ???????????? ???, ????? "????? ??????? ??????", ???? ?????? ???????? (?????, ???? "nana10"), 13 ??????? 2010
- ?????? ???? ????????, ????? ?? ??? ??????, ??? ??"?, ?????? 66, ???? 2013
- ????? ???, ????????: ??????????? ????????? ?????, ???? ???????, 4 ??????? 2014
- ???????, ????? ?????? ?? ????????: ??? ????? ????, ??????? ?????????, ???? ?????, 9 ?????? 2017
???? ?? ????, ??? ???????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ?"???", ???? ????, 6 ?????? 2017- Wikipedia: Press coverage – ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? (???????)
- ????? ????????, ????????? ?? ??????, ???? ????? ????, 9 ??????? 2018
- ???? ????, ????????, ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????, ????: ??????? ?????, ???????: ????, 2017
- ???? ????, ?????? ?????? ?? ????????, ?????? ???? ?????, 7 ???? 2019
????? ????? ???????? ?? ????????
- ???? ?????????, ???? ????????, ???? ???????, 10 ???? 2012
- ??? ??????, ????? ????? ????? ???????, ???? "??????", 18 ????? 2013
- ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????????? ??????? – ?????? ?? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? (???????)
- ???? ?????, ????? ???: ?? ???? ?? ????????, ???? ????, 17 ??????? 2016
?????? ?????? ??????? ???????
- ??? ???? ??????? ??-????, ?????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????, ????: "??? ??? ?'??? ?????? ?????????? ????? 2012: ???? ????? ????? ?????????"; ??' 1–7, ?????? 2012
- ???? ???? (??????? ???? ?????), ????? ?? ???????? – ?????? ?????????? (NPOV) ???? "?????????"(?????? ???? ????), ????? ???, ?????????? ????, 2008
- ??? ???? (??????? ???? ?????), ????????: ????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ????????(?????? ???? ????), ????? ???, ?????????? ????, 2009
- Piotr Konieczny, Rethinking Wikipedia for the Classroom, Contexts 2014 13: 80, February 18 2014 (???????)
- ?????? ??????? ?? ????????, ?????????? ???????
- ????????? ?? ????????, ????-????
- ???????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???'?? ??????
- IBM History Flow ????? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ???????? (????? 03.06.2004 ??????? Wayback Machine)
- ??????, ?????????? ???????
????? ??????
- ^ ?????? 2022 ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ????? ?? SimilarWeb
- ^ 1 2 ??-?? ???-????: ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????????? ??????
- ^ ???????? ???????, ??????????
- ^ ????? ????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????????, ???? ??? ????
- ^ ???? ????, ????? ????? ????? ?? ???????? – ???? ????, ???? ynet, 7 ???? 2008
- ^ ???? ???????, ???????????? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ????????, ???? ????, 14 ?????? 2005
- ^ ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????????, ???? ????? ????, 21 ???? 2017
- ^ ??? ???, ??? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?? ???? ????, ???? ???????, 29 ??????? 2016
- ^ ??? ??, ?? ???? ???? ??????????, ???? ???????, 11 ???????? 2016
- ^ ????? ?????? ??????, ??? ???????, ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???. ?????, ???? ????, 30 ???????? 2016
- ^ "Hella ridic new words to make you lolz: ODO August 2012 update – OxfordWords blog". OxfordWords blog. 23 ??????? 2012.
{{cite web}}: (????) - ^ The Editor Survey (April 2011), Wikimedia Foundation
- ^ "List of Wikipedias". Wikimedia Meta-Wiki.
- ^ Julie Beck, Doctors’ #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia, www.theatlantic.com, 5/3/2014 (???????)
- ^ Metz, Cade (7 ?????? 2008). "Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover". The Register. ???? ?-10 ???? 2009.
{{cite news}}: (????) - ^ "Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation". The Sydney Morning Herald (??????? ????????). ????? 29, 2010. ?????? ?-?????? 2, 2017. ???? ?-??? 14, 2017.
- ^ Farrell, Nick (29 ?????? 2010). "Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI". The Inquirer. ???? ?-9 ???????? 2010.
{{cite news}}: (????) - ^ "Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website". The Economic Times. India. 29 ?????? 2010. ???? ?-29 ?????? 2010.
{{cite news}}: (????) - ^ Agence France-Presse (29 ?????? 2010). "Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation". The Sydney Morning Herald.
{{cite news}}: (????) - ^ "Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights". BBC News. 10 ???? 2010. ???? ?-19 ???? 2010.
{{cite news}}: (????) - ^ Gray, Lila (17 ??????? 2013). "Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break". XBIZ.com. ???? ?-10 ??????? 2013.
{{cite news}}: (????) - ^ ??? ?????, ??? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????, ???? TheMarker, 19 ??????? 2013
- ^ Hans-Christian Dirscherl (10 ??????? 2009). "Print-on-Demand: Eigenes Buch aus Wikipedia-Artikeln machen". PC Welt. ???? ?-2025-08-07.
{{cite web}}: (????) - ^ ????? ??????, 'Asteroid Re-Named 'Wikipedia, ???? "TechNewsDaily", 5 ??????? 2013 (???????)
Main belt asteroid No. 274301 named 'Wikipedia', ????? ??????? ?? ?????????, 31 ?????? 2013 (???????)
(Wikipedia 4274301 (2008 QH2 , ????? "JPL Small-Body Database" ?? ???"? (???????) - ^ "Wikipedia blocked in Turkey". Turkey Blocks. ???? ?-29 ?????? 2017.
{{cite web}}: (????) - ^ "Turkish authorities block Wikipedia without giving reason". BBC News. 29 ?????? 2017. ???? ?-29 ?????? 2017.
{{cite web}}: (????) - ^ Court rules Turkey violated freedoms by banning Wikipedia, AP News, 2025-08-07 (???????)
- ^ yaz?n?n Türk?e’sini buradan okuyabilirsiniz, Access to Wikipedia restored in Turkey after more than two and a half years, Wikimedia Foundation, 15 ?????? 2020
- ^ J Gen Intern Med. 2010 Jul 15. Online Professionalism and the Mirror of Social Media. Greysen SR, Kind T, Chretien KC.
- ^ Health (London). 2010 Jul;14(4):398-414. Struggles online over the meaning of 'Down's syndrome': A 'dialogic' interpretation. Cimini N.
- ^ J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2010 Jul-Aug;17(4):373-4. Wikipedia and osteosarcoma: a trustworthy patients' information? Leithner A, Maurer-Ertl W, Glehr M, Friesenbichler J, Leithner K, Windhager R.
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- ^ ?'? ???????'?, ?? ???? ???? ?????? ?-90% ??????? ??????? ?? ????????, ???? ????? ?????, 3 ???? 2013
- ^ Geiger, R. Stuart. "Bots, bespoke, code and the materiality of software platforms." Information, Communication & Society 17, no. 3 (2014): 342-356.
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